https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/ Defence Studies en daily 1 Wed, 15 Mar 2023 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 15 Mar 2023 00:00:00 +0330 https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_2350.html Given the importance of the confrontation between Iran and the United States after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, especially in recent years, this study aims to analyze the nature of the actions and reactions of the two countries against each other using a combined method (qualitative and quantitative).To do this, in the first step, exploratory studies have focused on the US containment policy and the asymmetric approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a way to counter US policies. In the second step, a 30-member expert statistical population was selected and the results of the theoretical foundations (Containment policy, asymmetric deterrence and axis of resistance ) were analyzed through a questionnaire and SPSS software.The results suggest that Iran's support for resistance groups in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen has played an important role in Iran's asymmetric deterrence against the United States in 2003-2020.Also, the future of this approach in 2025 depends on the ten trends of Trump's presidency, Biden coming to power, the realization of the deal of the century, the increase of geopolitical-political disputes of the Brotherhood-Salafi bloc, Iran's cooperation with Russia-Turkey, Iran's withdrawal from JCPOA, continuation of stability Political situation in Syria, escalation of foreign conflicts in Iraq, Lebanese Hezbollah field position and developments in Yemen. https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_2355.html Maintaining and strengthening defense, building new capabilities and capabilities, research and development, innovation and maintenance of the military depends on the size of the military budget, and military and law enforcement security is affected by the budget. However, despite the importance of the budget in directing and directing the armed forces, there is no consistent and sustainable process for budgeting in the armed forces, and in the short term, this process undergoes fundamental changes and sometimes fundamental changes. The purpose of this study is to develop an appropriate budgeting process in the Armed Forces. This research is of development-applied type which was done by descriptive and case-based method. Data collection was both library and field. The collection of field information was done by forming an expert panel and extracting different views of experts in defense budgeting. Experts with relevant education or at least five years of practical experience in planning, programming, and budgeting were purposefully selected and invited to these meetings. The results show that the budgeting of the Armed Forces includes four stages of budget preparation, budget approval, budget implementation and budget monitoring. These stages have a total of 19 activities and 102 sub-activities, in which the appropriate sequence and timing of each sub-activity is provided. https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_2356.html Government spending on defense, order, and security is a fundamental principle of territorial integrity maintaining, and stabilizing a society. Therefore, allocating the appropriate budget in this area, given the correct understanding of the economic situation of the country, is a guarantee for development and increasing welfare. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of total government spending and the impact of government spending on defense and related chapters, including order and security and defense on the Amartyasen Social Welfare Index during business cycles in the Iranian economy. In this regard, the nonlinear regression with distributed lags (NARDL) has been used during the period of 1973-2019. The results show that government expenditures in defense affairs and defense Season during the recession plus the season of order and security in boom periods when positive shocks apply and government spending in defense affairs and defense, order and security seasons during boom periods plus defense seasons during periods of recession when negative shocks occur have increased social welfare. Positive and negative shocks to total government spending during business cycles have reduced and increased social welfare, respectively. Also, the impact of government spending components on social welfare is asymmetric. https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_2497.html Abstract Security conferences, while having common goals, have specific goals that can be different based on the actors' intentions. The main goal of this research is to explain the goals and requirements of the security conference for the Republic of Iran and provide a model for holding it. The research answers this question, what are the requirements for holding a security conference in the I.R. Iran, and what are its requirements, and what is the pattern of holding a security conference in the I.R.Iran? The research is developmental and applied. The research method is data base, the outputs are analyzed with SPSS tool and finally the pattern is drawn. The statistical population of 15 experts was selected for in-depth and exploratory interviews. The current research showed that the security conference is necessary for the I.R.Iran, which has a powerful and ideological government and is under the most intense cognitive and perceptual war. Holding this conference has requirements that must be taken into account in order to be sustainable and effective.  The pattern of holding a security conference includes: structure, process, purposefulness, intelligent design, attracting intelligent participation and conference diplomacy     https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_2498.html abstractSmuggling of goods is an illegal trade that has many disruptive effects on the country's security variables and is one of the most important factors that endangers the social order and security of the society and causes a lot of material and spiritual damage to the society. On the other hand, the most important need of every society is to provide social security of that society and its people. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating and identifying the impact of goods smuggling on social security in Hormozgan province.The statistical population of the research includes the experts and officials of the police force of Hormozgan province who were related to the category of smuggling, 30 people were selected as a sample using a targeted and accessible sampling method. This research was done by survey method and using questionnaire tool. After collecting the questionnaires, the data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software. First, the tables related to hypothesis testing were calculated, and then the prediction equation related to the relationship between independent variables affecting goods smuggling and social security was calculated.The results of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between the economic, political, structural, executive-management, geographical and social security variables with the smuggling of goods. Among the influential factors, economic factors have the highest impact and political factors have the least impact on smuggling. Step-by-step regression analysis showed that geographical, structural, political, economic and executive-management factors explain 96.6% of the changes in the variance of the goods smuggling variable.   https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_3989.html Jihadi Management refers to “the process of employing material and human resources through a jihadi vision, spirit, and movement—driven by divine intention, grounded in knowledge and wisdom, and based on the Islamic value system.” (Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran). The purpose of this study is to develop a model of Jihadi Management among IRGC commanders during the eight year Sacred Defense, applying a qualitative research approach. From the perspective of its objective, the study is developmental applied; in terms of data collection, it is descriptive analytical; and in terms of methodology, it is qualitative. A non random purposive sampling method was used until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were gathered through both library research and field investigations, employing semi structured interviews with commanders and experts who participated in the Sacred Defense.Data analysis was conducted using content analysis and thematic analysis, through which categories, dimensions, components, and indicators were extracted. Validation and reliability were examined via expert evaluation and calculation of Cohen’s Kappa coefficient for inter rater agreement. Ultimately, the conceptual model of Jihadi Management was formulated and graphically represented. This model provides an interpretive framework for understanding how jihadi oriented leadership operated effectively during the Sacred Defense and offers theoretical foundations for contemporary organizational and leadership studies within Islamic contexts. https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_3990.html The US Department of Defense, through the issuance of the "Interim National Defense Strategy Guide", has called for a reduction in the US military presence in regions such as Southwest Asia, with the aim of focusing on the Chinese threat and defending US territory. Given the importance of the Southwest Asian region in global equations and geopolitical order, it is obvious that any political decision-making by one of the influential actors in this region (including regional and trans-regional actors) has consequences and results that are effective in adopting the policy and strategy of other active actors in the region. The Iran, as the most important regional player in Southwest Asia, can, by identifying the effective promoting and inhibiting factors resulting from the implementation of the aforementioned document, redefine and adopt new strategies in various areas, in line with the changing approach of the United States as the main non-regional player in Southwest Asia.In the present study, while examining the contents of the document "Interim National Defense Strategy Guide", the internal and external factors resulting from the change in the American approach and affecting the explanation of the defense strategies of the Iran have been analyzed and then, using the Kurt Levine field analysis method, the defense strategies of the Iran have been presented. This research is of an applied type and its approach is mixed with descriptive-analytical method. Finally, 12 macro-statistical strategies were presented after obtaining approval from members of the expertise and elite in a brainstorming session. https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_3991.html This study was conducted with the aim of scenario writing for the future developments of training and education in the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy. In terms of purpose, it is classified as applied–developmental, and in terms of nature, as a descriptive– survey study employing a mixed- methods approach. The statistical population comprised Navy education and training managers, subject-matter experts, and veteran instructors. Purposeful sampling was used to select 11 participants for the qualitative stage and 30 for the quantitative stage. Data collection employed library research through note- taking, and field studies through expert panel sessions and a structured questionnaire. Expert sessions continued until theoretical saturation, and the questionnaire’s face and content validity were confirmed by experts. Reliability, calculated via Cronbach’s alpha using SPSS, was 0.891, indicating high internal consistency. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while the importance of questionnaire items was ranked using the Shannon entropy method. Scenarios were developed based on the optimized Global Business Network model and identified key uncertainties, resulting in four distinct scenarios: "Raising sails", "Cross swell", "calm before the storm" and "turbulent sea". Finally, actionable strategies were proposed to achieve the desired future vision for IRIN’s education and training system. https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_3993.html Futures studies are strategic knowledge and key skills for discovering, analyzing, designing, and realizing the future. In practice, some organizations conduct futures studies as a project or a sectional action, while others define and implement it as a continuous process. Some experts believe futures studies are more than actions and processes, they are a complex phenomenon based on beliefs and behaviors institutionalized in the context and within the members of the organization, which we call culture of futures studies. Cultural studies on futures studies are a new topic. Futures studies culture expresses the organization's desire and serious determination to move towards the future, and requires components such as: long-term vision, risk-taking, awareness of changes, and a tendency to innovation. Accordingly, assessing the culture of futures studies can show to what extent the key characteristics and components of futures studies exist in the organization. This research systematically studied experiences, extracted relevant patterns and criteria, and identified four types of futures culture: "Leading futures, Prescriptive futures, Creative futures, and Traditional futures." Then, with the help of a field survey of 59 relevant managers and experts, it examined the futures culture in defense organizations. The results show that the futures culture is below average and often corresponds to the characteristics of the traditional futures culture. Based on the research findings, concepts and components such as "preferring criticism to credit", "unwillingness to change", "being obedient and submissive", and "emphasis on order and coherence" have the highest ranking in the futures culture of defense organizations. https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_3994.html Background and Objective: With the transformation of the nature of warfare, advanced armed forces have, for over three decades, implemented fundamental changes in their combat organizational structures and exploited novel technologies to harness the capabilities of unmanned equipment—particularly drones—for executing a multitude of tasks and fulfilling their missions. It is axiomatic that the aerial battle theater cannot and must not disregard the imperative of possessing a codified model for the operational employment of such systems. Accordingly, the objective of this investigation is to design a model for the employment of remotely piloted vehicles in the aerial battle theater.Methodology: The present study is applied-developmental in terms of its purpose and exploratory in terms of its method. The total statistical population, estimated via a checklist-based approach, comprises 70 individuals; consequently, the sample size is coextensive with the statistical population and employs a complete enumeration technique.Findings: Through an exploratory study, meticulous and sustained reflection upon the theoretical foundations and extant research literature, and interviews with subject-matter experts, the dimensions, components, and operational items pertaining to the employment of remotely piloted vehicles in the aerial battle theater were identified. These were subsequently evaluated against quintuple criteria, and the influential factors were synthesized and refined, culminating in the formulation of a model for the employment of remotely piloted vehicles in aerial operations.Conclusion: The research findings substantiate that the design of a model for the employment of remotely piloted vehicles in aerial combat is feasible. https://ds.sndu.ac.ir/article_3995.html The National Information Network offers advantages such as increased internal access speed, accelerated and facilitated delivery of content and services, cost reduction, expansion of e-government, ensuring network independence from the Internet during crises, and managing security threats at individual and national levels. Achieving these benefits requires ensuring security within this network. Moreover, ensuring cyberspace security to protect cyber assets and safeguard national interests is an integral part of the country’s national security and a major concern for the government. Security in the National Information Network is a prerequisite for the network’s efficiency and for ensuring sustainable cybersecurity in the country. This paper aims to propose strategies for enhancing security in the National Information Network. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and data collection method. In this study, after conducting an environmental analysis, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were identified, and offensive, defensive, competitive, and conservative strategies were developed using the SWOT method. Subsequently, using a researcher-made questionnaire, the proposed strategies were evaluated by the target population, and the strategies were ranked using the TOPSIS technique. The results indicate that implementing security requirements in the National Information Network enhances its resilience against cyber crises such as internet outages, cyber sanctions, cyberattacks, espionage, and information disclosure. This plays a key and prominent role in ensuring the security of the country’s cyberspace.