Radiological incidents are among the most complex and multidimensional crises in the field of risk management, requiring a comprehensive, integrated, and reliable system for prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. Adopting a comparative approach, this article examines the policies, institutional structures, command and control systems, communication protocols, training practices, and technologies employed in four selected countries: the United States, Japan, Canada, and Russia. The study aims to extract lessons learned and propose a framework for strengthening Iran’s radiological incident management system. The research employs a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology. Data were collected from official reports, government documents, and international sources and were subsequently reviewed and assessed by an expert panel. The findings indicate that each country has adopted distinct approaches shaped by its governance structure and historical experience. These include an emphasis on command integration in the United States, institutional reforms and transparency in Japan, federal-provincial coordination in Canada, and the rapid mobilization of resources in the Russian Federation. Based on these findings, a set of institutional, operational, and technological measures is proposed to support the localization and improvement of Iran’s radiological incident management system.